This guide shows you how to learn Sanskrit as a beginner using memory techniques like the Memory Palace.
You’ll find 10 practical steps covering the alphabet, vowels, Sandhi rules, grammar, and how to retain everything you learn.
When I started learning Sanskrit as a beginner, I almost gave up.
I felt overwhelmed by what felt like a tremendous amount of details just to pronounce the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet.
But then I remembered I’d been through the roller coaster of emotions before with other languages.
Once I was feeling centered again, I got busy using the fundamentals of language learning.
Yes, Sanskrit poses some unique challenges.
By the same token, its the individual characteristics of Sanskrit grammar and its phonology that helps make it more memorable.
You just need to focus on the fundamentals and use some of the exclusive memory techniques for language learners you’re about to discover on this page.
Ready?
Here’s a table of contents of what we’re about to explore:
How to Learn Sanskrit As A Beginner (For Native English Speakers)
Set Your Self Up For Success
Memorize the Alphabet (By Sight and Sound)
Study How the Vowels Work
Learn the After-Sounds And Release Sounds
Understand Sandhi
Learn the Consonants and Their Characteristics
Study Sanskrit Grammar
Use Memory Techniques
Get Pronunciation Feedback Often
Handwrite the Sanskrit You’ve Memorized From Memory
Maintain Beginner’s Mind
How to Learn Sanskrit As A Beginner (For Native English Speakers)
In today’s tutorial, I’m going to speak from my perspective as a native English speaker.
If that’s not you, the general steps still apply. But when it comes to some of the memory techniques I’ll describe, you may need to approach them through the lens of your mother tongue.
Don’t worry. That won’t be difficult to do. I’ve been teaching language learners for 12 years now from all over the world. As you can see from their success stories, your exact mother tongue is not an issue.
But approaching the fundamentals in a dedicated way definitely matters. That’s why I’m providing this specific list of action steps.
One: Set Your Self Up For Success
Far too often, Sanskrit learners make the classic mistake many students make:
They collect too many resources. I’ve been there myself as a language learner, and ultimately took the advice of my friend, and renowned polyglot, Olly Richards.
We were in Berlin at the yearly Polyglot Gathering in 2015 when he told me to stop collecting language resources and just focus on one of the following resources:
- One textbook
- One audio course or video course
- One language tutor
This is profound advice because the goal is to complete each of these resources thoroughly before moving on.
When it came time for me to learn Sanskrit, I chose the Teach Yourself Complete Sanskrit, James Whelan’s outstanding Introducing Sanskrit, and a lesson with a language tutor to help orient my journey.
In my case, I cheated a little bit because I also chose some long form mantras to memorize on the side.
Nonetheless, the point is to start with a limit and be thorough with the resources you choose. There’s rarely any need to add more material until you’ve mastered your initial set of resources.
Two: Memorize the Alphabet (By Sight and Sound)
Once you’ve chosen your learning materials and settled on them, it’s time to make sure you can work with the Sanskrit writing system. The sooner you’ve got it under your belt, the sooner you can make rapid progress.
You might want to start by commiting the name for the alphabet in Sanskrit to memory first. It’s Lipi. The mnemonic image I used for this word involved someone sticking out their lower lip to reveal the letters for Lipi tattooed inside: लिपि.
Three: Study How the Vowels Work
Sanskrit involves five basic vowels. Some of them are doubled, however, which means that you hold the “ah” sound for about twice as long as a short vowel.
For example:
- a = a short vowel (अ)
- ā = a long vowel (आ)
Learning how to read how long the vowels are is essential. You’ll also want to master semi-vowels and compound vowels.
Four: Learn the After-Sounds And Release Sounds
One aspect of Sanskrit that makes it sound so unique is that some letters require different pronunciation.
Two of the main aspects you’ll want to learn as soon as possible are:
- Anusvāra (after-sound)
- Visarga (release)
Not focusing enough on pronunciation is mistake I’ve made with a few languages. It’s important to avoid it because of procedural memory and the primacy effect.
In brief, the way you remember pronunciation in the early days can be very sticky due to the primacy effect, which explains why we tend to remember what we encounter first.
Because pronunciation is a kind of procedure, it can be difficult to change poor pronunciation habits later.
Fortunately, YouTube has several tutorials to help you understand pronunciation principles and model good habits. Here’s a good one:
Five: Understand Sandhi
I first encountered sandhi while learning Chinese.
In brief, Sandhi rules describe how words combine, causing their translation to change.
English doesn’t have a whole lot of Sandhi to give you a comparison, but “impossible” and “illuminate” will help you understand it. In English, “impossible” used to be “inpossible” but the pronunciation changed to “impossible” to make it easier to pronounce the consonants “n” and “p” together.
Likewise, illuminate used to be “enlumyen.” Over time, to make it easier to pronounce, English speakers altered the word.
The difference in Sanskrit is that Sandhi describes “joining” rules. Often when the end of one word makes it hard to combine with the beginning of the next word, the pronunciation will change in order to make the two words fit together smoothly in pronunciation.
For this reason, you will pronounce Sanskrit differently than it reads from the page. As English speakers, we’re use to this however.
Six: Learn the Consonants and Their Characteristics
One thing that will pleasantly surprise you about Sanskrit is that the consonant system is already organized like a mnemonic device. The consonants are grouped by where in your mouth you produce them.
Here’s what I mean:
- Gutturals (ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa) are produced at the back of the throat
- Palatals (ca, cha, ja, jha, ña) are produced at the roof of the mouth
- Cerebrals (ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa) are produced with the tongue curled back
- Dentals (ta, tha, da, dha, na) are produced at the teeth
- Labials (pa, pha, ba, bha, ma) are produced at the lips
In other words, the alphabet moves systematically from the back of your throat to your lips. Once you notice this pattern, you’re not memorizing a random list of letters. You’re memorizing a journey through your own mouth.
I find Sanskrit especially rewarding as someone who teaches memory techniques. The ancient grammarians essentially built a Memory Palace into the alphabet itself.
Each position in your mouth is a location, and each group of consonants belongs to that location. If you can touch the back of your throat, the roof of your mouth, and your lips, you already know the structure.
A Wonderful Sanskrit Treasure Hidden Inside Its Consonants
As an important aside, the way Sanskrit consonants work in your mouth relates to an ancient mnemonic numbering system called katapayadi.
It works by assigning number values to consonants based on their position in the Sanskrit alphabet, which means you can encode numbers into words and verses and decode them back again.
Here’s an illustration of the system:
I first encountered katapayadi when studying memory techniques for numbers.
But it was only when I was writing The Victorious Mind and teaching Sanskrit memorization that this approach resembles the Major System.
Although primilary used for numbers, the Major and the katapayahi are bidirectional. You can use them for memorizing numbers, but also for memorizing words.
For example, in Sanskrit, the word Bhakti for devotion can be paired with 9 and 7, which creates the image of Pac Man. You can imagine Pac Man approaching the composer Bach with devotion to help you remember the sound and meaning of the word while drawing upon this number mnemonic system that derives from Sanskrit.
Seven: Study Sanskrit Grammar
Make no mistake: grammar can feel intense.
But the trick is to break things down and take things one step at a time. The scientific term for doing just that is called chunking.
Without picking one aspect of grammar to focus on at a time, overwhelm is guaranteed. Be willing to proceed in small steps.
If you’re also memorizing long form Sanskrit like I do, you’ll always feel like you’re progressing. Even if some of the harder concepts are moving at a slower pace.
Eight: Use Memory Techniques
I’ve mentioned mnemonics above for learning the name of the Sanskrit alphabet. You can use that same association process over and over again.
Even better:
You can gather all of your associations in an organized manner using a technique called the Memory Palace.
A Memory Palace, sometimes called the method of loci, involves creating an imaginary version of a familiar location. For one of my longest Sanskrit memorization projects, I used a neighborhood in Kelvin Grove, part of Brisbane:
Basically, each line of Sanskrit was mentally “placed” along a journey through this neighborhood. Each association for each word involved a kind of miniature story designed to be memorable.
The rest is just practice.
But the question is how to practice?
In this detailed video tutorial, I walk you through exactly how I place Sanskrit vocabulary into a Memory Palace, including the specific associative images I use at each station for specific Sanskrit phrases and why they work.
If you’ve never seen the technique applied to a real language before, this video will help make sure it clicks:
At the end of the day, the Memory Palace technique isn’t just for placing the associations for your Sanskrit words and phrases.
It’s meant to be used for spaced repetition. That way, you can get the Sanskrit you’re learning into long term memory as quickly and efficiently as possible.
Nine: Get Pronunciation Feedback Often
One of my favorite memories when I first started to learn Sanskrit through English was giving a live stream to demonstrate my first fully memorized Sanskrit mantra.
By doing this, I was able to get some helpful feedback from people – especially the one tutor with whom I focused on my learning.
I was also able to inspire other people.
Of course, inspiration only goes so far.
The next steps are up to you. It’s really difficult to rely on motivation when learning a language, but you can learn different kinds of motivation that have helped other polyglots.
I would also suggest that you use The Freedom Journal for language learning to track your progress. It will also serve as a reminder of your goals. On that note, here’s another powerful tip.
Ten: Handwrite the Sanskrit You’ve Memorized From Memory
Self-testing is important. One of the best ways to do it is to memorize some Sanskrit and then write out what you’ve memorized from memory.
When you’ve used memory techniques optimally, you’ll get practice in what scientists call active recall. Basically, by asking your mind to recall the information, you’re building new memories in a way that will help them last longer.
Eleven: Maintain Beginner’s Mind
One thing I’ve noticed, no matter how sophisticated I get with a language, is that there’s always more to learn.
As a result, it really helps to keep an open mind and always approach even the basics with fresh eyes.
If you include memorizing Sanskrit mantras, the content of these will help you maintain beginner’s mind. Many of them are focused on not taking your thoughts too seriously, after all.
If you’d like more help with that, including more tips on using memory techniques, please sign up for my free course right here:
In it, you’ll receive four video tutorials and worksheets that will help you develop the same kind of Memory Palaces I’ve used to learn Sanskrit with ease, joy and greater speed.
Now that you have all the main steps needed to learn Sanskrit as a beginner, the ball is in your court.
Enjoy the journey and all the places being able to read and understand Sanskrit will take you!
